Volume indicators are essential tools in technical analysis (TA) that measure the number of shares or contracts traded in a security or market during a given period. These indicators help traders understand the strength or weakness of a price movement, identify potential reversals, and confirm trends. Here are some commonly used volume indicators:

1. On-Balance Volume (OBV):

   • Description: OBV adds the volume on up days and subtracts the volume on down days. It reflects the cumulative buying and selling pressure.
   • Usage: Used to confirm price trends. A rising OBV suggests that buyers are accumulating, while a falling OBV indicates that sellers are in control.

2. Volume Moving Average (VMA):

   • Description: A moving average applied to volume rather than price.
   • Usage: Helps smooth out volume data to identify trends. A rising VMA indicates increasing interest, while a declining VMA suggests waning interest.

3. Volume Rate of Change (VROC):

   • Description: Measures the percentage change in volume over a specified period.
   • Usage: Used to detect surges in trading activity. A high VROC can indicate a potential trend change or breakout.

4. Accumulation/Distribution Line (A/D Line):

   • Description: Combines price and volume to show how much of a security is being accumulated or distributed.
   • Usage: Helps identify divergences between volume flow and price movement. An increasing A/D line suggests accumulation (buying), while a decreasing A/D line indicates distribution (selling).

5. Chaikin Money Flow (CMF):

   • Description: Measures the amount of money flow volume over a specified period, typically 20 days.
   • Usage: A positive CMF indicates buying pressure, while a negative CMF suggests selling pressure. It's used to confirm trends and identify potential reversals.

6. Money Flow Index (MFI):

   • Description: A momentum indicator that uses price and volume to measure buying and selling pressure.
   • Usage: Ranges from 0 to 100. An MFI above 80 indicates overbought conditions, while an MFI below 20 indicates oversold conditions.

7. Ease of Movement (EOM):

   • Description: Combines price and volume to show how much volume is required to move prices.
   • Usage: Positive values indicate that prices are rising with relative ease, while negative values suggest that prices are falling easily.

8. Price-Volume Trend (PVT):

   • Description: Similar to OBV, but it accounts for the percentage change in price.
   • Usage: Used to confirm price trends. A rising PVT suggests accumulation, while a falling PVT indicates distribution.

9. Volume Price Trend (VPT):

   • Description: Adds the percentage change in price multiplied by volume to a cumulative total.
   • Usage: Helps identify the direction and strength of a price trend. An increasing VPT indicates bullish sentiment, while a decreasing VPT signals bearish sentiment.

10. Negative Volume Index (NVI) and Positive Volume Index (PVI):

    • Description: NVI focuses on days with decreasing volume, while PVI looks at days with increasing volume.
    • Usage: NVI is used to identify smart money actions, while PVI tracks the general market sentiment.

11. Klinger Volume Oscillator:

    • Description: Combines price and volume to create a momentum oscillator that reflects accumulation and distribution.
    • Usage: Helps identify long-term money flow trends. Positive values suggest accumulation, while negative values indicate distribution.

Volume indicators are often used in conjunction with price-based indicators to provide a more comprehensive view of market dynamics. They can confirm the strength of price movements, identify potential reversals, and detect divergences that may signal a change in trend.